• Numbers
• String
• List
• Tuple
• Dictionary

• Lists are mutable i.e they can be edited.
• Lists are slower than tuples.
• Syntax: list_1 = [10, 'Chelsea', 20]

• Tuples are immutable that can't be edited.
• Tuples are faster than list.
• Syntax: tup_1 = (10, 'Chelsea', 20)

• Python memory is managed by Python private head space and all its Python objects and data structures are situated in a private heap. The programmer cannot access the private heap and interpreter takes care of this Python private heap.
• Python Memory Manager do the allocation of Python heap space for Python Objects. The core API gives access to some tools for the programmer to code.
• It also has an inbuilt garbage collector which recycle all the unused memory and free up the memory and makes it available to the heap space.

Some of the commonly used built-in modules are:

• OS
• sys
• math
• random
• data time
• JSON

						 
For Example: 
It contains some keys like Country, State, State Capital. 
Their corresponding values are India, Rajastan and Jaipur respectively. 
dict={'Country':'India','State':'Rajasthan','State Capital':'Jaipur'}
print dict[Country]

Output is India

• int() - Converts data type into integer type
• float() - Converts data type into float type
• ord() - converts characters into integer
• hex() - converts integers to hexadecimal
• oct() - converts integer to octal
• tuple() - used to convert to a tuple
• set() - It returns the type after converting to set
• list() - Converts data type into list type
• dict() - Convert a tuple of order(key,value) into a dictionary
• str() - Convert integer into a string
• complex(real,imag) - Converts real numbers to complex(real,imag) number

• split() - uses a regrex pattern to "split" a given string into a list.
• sub() - finds all substrings where the regex pattern matches and then replace them with a different string
• subn() – it is similar to sub() and also returns the new string along with the no. of replacements.

						
	import numpy as np
	
	arr = np.array([1, 3, 2, 4, 5])
	print(arr.argsort()[-3:][::-1]) 
	
	

• Firstly, convert the given file into alist.
• Now, by using reversed(), reverse the list.

	
	Eg: reversed(list(open(“file-name”,”r”))):
             print(line)
	
	

• Break - It allows loop termination when some condition is met and the control is transferred to the next statement.
• Continue - It allows skipping some part of a loop when some specific condition is met and the control is transferred to the beginning of the loop.
• Pass - It is used when you need some block of code syntactically, but you want to skip its execution. This is basically a null operation. Nothing happens when this is executed.

   
   def file_lengthy(fname):
   with open(fname) as f:
   for i, I in enumerate(f):
   pass return i + 1
   print("Number of lines in the file:
   ",file_lengthy("test.txt"))